Parasitic contamination in the soil of beaches from Mosqueiro Island, Pará State, Brazil / Contaminação parasitária no solo de praias da Ilha do Mosqueiro, Estado do Pará, Brasil

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic in the soil of three beaches of Mosqueiro Island, located in the State of Pará, Brazil, as well as to compare the frequency of helminths and protozoa, pathogenic and non-pathogenic parasites according to the beaches analyzed. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study conducted during August and September 2019, in which 155 soil samples were analyzed by Hoffman's method. Results: The results showed that 16.1% of samples were contaminated from 61.3% of collection points. Murubira beach and Farol beach presented the highest prevalence of parasites, however, there was no significant difference between beaches. Also, it was observed a predominance of protozoa (63%) and non-pathogenic parasites (55.6%) in analyzed samples, but there was no statistically significant difference according to the investigated location. Endolimax nana 25.9% (7/27) and hookworms 18.5% (5/27) were the most detected parasites on the beaches. Conclusion: Thus, this study showed parasitic contamination on the beaches from Mosqueiro Island, which may be associated with a lack of sanitation infrastructure and personal hygiene in these places. Therefore, these results reinforce the need to adopt educational and preventive measures to reduce parasitic agents.

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de parasitos intestinais no solo de três praias da Ilha de Mosqueiro, localizada no estado do Pará, Brasil, além de comparar a frequência de helmintos e protozoários, parasitos patogênicos e não patogênicos de acordo com as praias analisadas. Metdodos: Este é um estudo transversal, analítico, realizado durante agosto e setembro de 2019, no qual 155 amostras do solo foram analisadas pelo método de Hoffman. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que 16,1% das amostras estavam contaminadas em 61,3% dos pontos de coleta. As praias do Murubira e do Farol apresentaram a maior prevalência de parasitos, porém não houve diferença significativa entre os diferentes locais de coleta. Além disso, foi observada a predominância de protozoários (63%) e parasitas não patogênicos (55.6%) nas amostras analisadas, mas não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os locais investigados. Endolimax nana 25,9% (7/27) e Ancilostomídeos 18,5% (5/27) foram os parasitas mais detectados nas praias. Conclusao: Desse modo, este estudo mostrou contaminação parasitária nas praias da Ilha de Mosqueiro, o que pode estar associada à falta de infraestrutura de saneamento e higiene pessoal nesses locais. Além disso, esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de se adotar medidas educacionais e preventivas para a redução desses agentes parasitários.

Anatomical, Histochemical and Biological Studies of Clusia grandiflora Splitg. (Clusiaceae)

Abstract Clusia grandiflora belongs to an important botanical family which is known for its medicinal value, however there are few reports in literature about the species, highlighting the relevance of this study. Anatomical studies with leaves and stems were performed using traditional techniques. In this investigation it was identified particularities of the species such as the presence of vascular system arranged in an opened arc-shaped with the flexed ends towards the inside of the arch with accessory bundles in the petiole. In histochemical studies, performed with different reagents, alkaloids, phenols substances, carbohydrates and lipids were located. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was performed by tetrazole salt and showed promising results for ethanolic extracts of stems (IC50 human colon cells of 24.30 μg/ mL) and leaves (IC50 ascites gastric cells of 44.15 μg/ mL), without cell membrane disruption of erythrocytes. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by tryptic soy agar and minimal inhibitory concentration assays and showed positive results for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, with better result for adventitious roots (32 μg/ mL and 16 μg/ mL, respectively), stems (64 μg/ mL and 32 μg/ mL, respectively) and leaves (64 μg/ mL and 32 μg/ mL, respectively) ethanolic extracts. Thus, these studies were able to characterize the species and show its potential as promising source of active substances.

Detection of intestinal parasites in public transport buses in Belém, Pará State, Northern Brazil

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of intestinal parasites in public transport buses in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil, as well as to compare the frequency of these enteroparasites according to the bus lines, collection sites within the vehicles, and presence of pathogenic and nonpathogenic parasites in the samples. This is a cross-sectional analytical study carried out between February and April 2019, in which 320 samples were analyzed, from 5 bus lines, 8 buses each, collected from 8 different surfaces inside the vehicles, according to Graham's method. Subsequently, the statistical test was performed to evaluate the differences between the variables, considering p ? 0.05. The results indicated that 7.8% of the samples were parasitized and the right handrail presented the highest prevalence of parasites, namely 2.2%. The pathogenic parasites corresponded to 26.7% and the non-pathogenic 73.3%. The non-pathogenic parasite most commonly found was Entamoeba coli totaling 50%, whereas the only pathogenic parasite was Giardia intestinalis in 26.7%. Thus, the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic parasites reflects the precarious hygiene of users of this type of transport, presenting a public health issue which needs to be addressed.

Taxas de incidência em mulheres com aids no Pará entre os anos 1999 a 2009 e suas relações com faixa etária, densidade e mobilidade demográfica / Incidence rates of aids in women of Pará (Brasil) between 1999 and 2009 and their relation with age, demographic density and populational mobility

Objetivo: este estudo objetivou o seguinte: 1) avaliar a taxa de incidência em mulheres comAIDS no Estado do Pará e no Brasil entre os anos de 1999 a 2009; 2) avaliar no Estado do Pará,se há relação da taxa de incidência com faixa etária, densidade e mobilidade demográfica.Método:1) avaliou-se a taxa de incidência em mulheres com AIDS no Estado do Pará duranteos anos de 1999 a 2009, comparando-as com as taxas brasileiras, de acordo com faixas etárias;2) correlacionou-se a taxa de incidência no Estado com a densidade demográfica, taxa demobilidade populacional e faixa etária. Resultados: as taxas de incidência no Pará forammenores que as do Brasil e revelaram tendência de crescimento ao longo doas anos, enquantoque as taxas de incidência no Brasil permaneceram estáveis durante os últimos sete anos. O picomodal da incidência no Pará foi entre 30 a 39 anos, menor do que o pico modal nacional (40 a49 anos). Além do mais, as taxas de incidência não se correlacionaram com a densidadedemográfica, porém correlacionaram-se com a mobilidade populacional. As mais elevadas taxasde incidência foram encontradas nas regiões Sudeste, Sudoeste e Baixo Amazonas,provavelmente, devido à maior taxa de mobilidade que estas regiões apresentam. Conclusão: asmulheres com faixas etárias mais avançadas são merecedoras em especial de campanhas deprevenção e diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS, visto que a taxa de incidência em mulheres nesta faixaetária tende ao crescimento ao longo dos anos

Objective: the present study aimed to i) evaluate the incidence rate of AIDS in women in theState of Pará and in Brazil in years 1999 to 2009, ii) evaluate in the State of Pará if theincidence rate is related to demographic density, mobility rate and age. Methodology: this studyi) evaluated the incidence rate of AIDS in women in the State of Pará in years 1999-2009,comparing it with the Brazilian rates, according to age; ii) correlated the incidence rate in Paráwith demographic density, mobility rate and age. Results: the incidence rates in Pará werelower than the Brazilian ones and showed a trend to increase with the time, while the Brazilianincidence rates remained stable over the last seven years. The modal peak of incidence in Paráwas between 30 and 39 years, lower than the national modal peak (40 to 49 years). Moreover,the incidence rates did not correlate with demographic density but correlated with populationalmobility. The highest incidence rates were observed in Southeast, Southwest and BaixoAmazonas Mesoregions, probably due to their higher populational mobility. Conclusion:advanced aged women deserve more intensive prevention programs and HIV/AIDS diagnostic,since the incidence rate in these women tends to increase over the years